International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science Archive

Bioevaluation of Albizia Procera Leaves in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease in Animal Model

Nilima S. Kinekar — 2024-11-14

Background: 60–70% of cases of memory loss are caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is a violent type of memory loss manifesting in memory, language and behavioural deficits. The primary risk of AD is advancing age. The incidence rates change with ages. After the age of 65 incidence rate of disease become double and differs in the sex also. Women are more proven for the disease particularly after the age of 85. The risk of dying from AD is higher in white non-Hispanics than in black non-Hispanics, although the Hispanic population is less likely to get AD than non-Hispanic whites. Whereas non-Hispanic whites have a higher risk of dying from AD than non-Hispanic blacks, the Hispanic population is less likely to get AD.

This study was undertaken in order to evaluate learning and memory impairment activity of the methanolic extract of Albizia procera R. (MEtAP) leaves in animal models. Albizia procera R. (AP) is a fast-growing subtropical and tropical tree belonging to the Fabaceae family's Mimosoideae subfamily. AP is a herb widely used in the Asian traditional medicine as antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial¸ antidiarrheal and antidiabetic drug. AD is a chronic neurological disease.

Methods: The leaves of AP were collected, authenticated, dried and extracted with methanol. The effect of the MEtAP leaves (200 and 400 mg/kg, taken orally once a day for 28 days)

on learning and memory performance was assessed using Modified EPM apparatus and MWM apparatus. Learning and Memory impairment was induced by chronic restraint stress.

Results: In Modified EPM apparatus the treated rats exhibited decrease entries and time spent in the closed arm and increase entries and time spent in open arm. In MWM Apparatus the treated rats exhibited increase in the retention time and decrease in the escape latency. In calorimetric analysis the level of acetylcholinesterase decreases by the plant extract to some extent and helps in the learning and memory enhancement. Administration of MEtAP leaves significantly improved those parameters suggesting positive effects on learning and memory impairment activity.

Conclusion: The present finding indicates that the MEtAP leaves exhibits significant mild to moderate learning and memory enhancement activity at low dose (200 mg/kg) and high dose (400 mg/kg) Thus, AP is a promising herbal option in the pharmaceutical world.

Keywords: - Albizia procera R. (AP), Alzheimer Disease (AD), EPM apparatus, MWM apparatus, Learning and Memory enhancement activity..

Formulation and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Ayurvedic Rasmola Digestive Tablet

Abhishek Pandey — 2024-11-22

Rasmola, a chewable tablet, is designed to support digestive health, addressing the growing concerns of indigestion and gastrointestinal discomfort in modern lifestyles. Combining the wisdom of Ayurveda with contemporary needs, it incorporates a blend of natural ingredients such as Amla, Ginger, Black Salt, and Cumin. These ingredients are carefully processed to ensure optimal digestive benefits. The tablet formulation involves precise drying, grinding, and mixing, followed by compression into tablets, with optional coating for taste and shelf-life enhancement. Evaluation tests including weight variation, friability, hardness, and disintegration confirm that Rasmola tablets maintain high consistency, quality, and efficacy, making them a reliable natural remedy for digestive health.

Characterization and Antilisterial Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeasts Isolated from Fermenting Cow Milk

Yusuf Owolabi — 2024-12-02

Scientists and the food business are currently interested in a vast range of microbes called lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts. Despite playing a significant role in the taste improvement of fermented foods, their antimicrobial qualities haverecently come to light. Standard techniques were used in this investigation to describe the LAB and yeasts derived fromthe fermented milk primarily on their morphological, microscopic, and biochemical characteristics. Furthermore,antilisterial activities of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts were performed. Also, the antilisterial activities of neutralized LABand yeasts and the effect of treatment of pH, NaCl, and enzyme activities against Listeria monocytogenes were performed. Lastly, a co-culture of LAB and yeast with Listeria monocytogenes in skimmed milk was done. Twenty lactic acid bacteriaisolates obtained from fermented cow milk were characterised as Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum,Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactococcus lactis while twenty- five yeast isolates obtained from fermented cow milk were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Debaryomyces hansenii, Pichia anomala, Kluyveromyces lactis, Trichosporon mucoides, Saccharomyces barnettii and Saccharomyces bayanus with different frequency. The secretion of metabolites like organic acids, hydrogen peroxide,diacetyl, and bacteriocin by lactic acid bacteria led to the inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes, whereas the synthesis oforganic and volatile acids, substantial quantities of ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, while mycocins by yeasts led to theirinhibition. When treated with -amylase and at pH 4–7, bacteriocins and mycocins remained constant, but part of their activity was reduced when treated with protease. As pH and NaCl concentration increased, the activity of bacteriocins and mycocins decreased. In the presence of the LAB and yeasts, Listeria monocytogenes showed a delay in growth and lowmicrobial count for the control during the co-culturing experiment.

Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes, Lactic acid bacteria, Yeasts, cow milk, antilisterial activities.

Can Microorganisms Produce Biobutanol after Agricultural Wastes Pretreatment?

Yusuf Owolabi — 2024-12-02

This review investigates the possibility of biobutanol as a renewable energy source for addressing the environmental issues associated with traditional carbon-based fuels. As energy demand rises, carbon emissions from fossil fuels exacerbate climate change, emphasizing the importance of sustainable, low-emission alternatives. Bioenergy, which is produced from organic waste via biochemical processes, is a possible replacement. Biobutanol, in particular, has an advantage over bioethanol due to its cleaner combustion and applicability for a variety of applications; nevertheless, the toxicity of biobutanol to its producing bacteria reduces production efficiency. Gas stripping recovery systems are presented as solutions for increasing output.

Renewable energy is classified into four types based on its source: edible crops, non-edible biomass (such as lignocellulose), cellular materials, and carbon capture. Currently, first-type renewables dominate, but agricultural concerns are moving the focus to non-food sources. Second-generation renewables, particularly lignocellulose, offer considerable benefits by exploiting whole plant biomass with minimum land needs. Biobutanol, a second-type renewable, is recognized for its ability to satisfy energy demands while promoting environmentally good activities. This analysis emphasizes biobutanol's potential for bioenergy, notably from agricultural waste, and advocates for more research into production upgrades.

Review of Pharmacognostic and Pharmacolgic Potential of Plant Madhuca Longifolia

Harsh Wardhan — 2024-11-14

Madhuca longifolia, generally referred to as Mahua, is a tree of considerable ethnobotanical and pharmacological importance, widely used in traditional medicinal systems like as Ayurveda, Siddha, and tribal healing traditions for ages. This plant, indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, has significant cultural, economic, and medical value, esteemed for its many therapeutic attributes. The tree's components flowers, seeds, bark, and leaves are abundant sources of bioactive substances such as saponins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and tannins, which enhance its diverse pharmacological properties. Pharmacognostical investigations have yielded essential insights into the plant's morphological and phytochemical attributes, facilitating its accurate identification and certification for therapeutic applications. Contemporary studies validate its conventional assertions, emphasising its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and analgesic qualities. Improvements in standardisation methods, including chromatographic fingerprinting and microscopic examination, have enhanced its use in medication development and quality assurance. This paper examines the pharmacognostic development of Madhuca longifolia, emphasising its phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties, and industrial uses. It also examines its safety profile, ethnopharmacological significance, and prospects for sustainable use. Research suggests that Madhuca longifolia is a viable option for new medicinal compounds and has significant potential for pharmaceutical and industrial advancements. Challenges associated with overharvesting and habitat destruction need the implementation of conservation initiatives. Interdisciplinary study on bioactive substances and formulation creation may reveal its complete therapeutic potential, facilitating integrative healthcare solutions.

Keywords: Madhuca longifolia, Mahua, pharmacognosy, traditional medicine, bioactive compounds

Review of Phytochemical and Pharmacological properties of Thalictrum foliolosum

Sunil Yogi — 2024-12-09

Thalictrum foliolosum DC (Ranunculaceae) is a perennial flowering herb traditionally used as a tonic, antiperiodic, diuretic, febrifuge, purgative and stomachic and for the treatment of snakebite, jaundice, and rheumatism.

To provide a critical assessment of the state-of-the-art related to the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of T. foliolosum with the ultimate objective of providing further research strategies to facilitate the exploitation of the therapeutic potential of T. foliolosum for the treatment of human disorders.

foliolosum is rich in berberine and other benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. T. foliolosum can be used as an excellent and effective herbal remedy for various human ailments since there are no reports on the toxicity of this herb.

Keywords: Thalictrum foliolosum, 8-Oxyberberine, Alkaloids;Berberine, benzylisoquinoline

Anti-Inflammatory potential of Moringa oleifera Leaves in Wistar rats.

Nitya Nand Dwivedi — 2024-11-14

(Moringaceae) is a bush of African savannah, commonly known as Drum stick used in folk Medicine for the treatment of rheumatic and articulanry pain. Its seeds shown analgesic activity [7], Antipyretic activity [8]. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids, steroids and tannins have been reported [23] hence the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects produced by these extracts may be attributed due to the flavonoids and steroids. However, its pharmacological actions and mechanisms have not been precisely documented in spite of its increasing usage recently. Present work reported the potential effects of the stem bark of Moringa oleifera, as an anti-inflammatory agent using both in vivo and in vitro models. Carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma formation in rats reflect the edematous stages during acute and chronic inflammation. [24,25] In the present study, two different extracts of leaves of Moringa oleifera were tested. Carrageenan induced rat paw edema has been a popular inflammatory model to investigate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory effect of compounds [26] Serotonin, histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin have been identified as a mediators for carrageenan induced rat paw edema. [27] Petroleum ether and methanolic extracts were found to possess a prominent anti-inflammatory activity, showing inhibition to the paw edema induced by carrageenan during the three time points from 1 to 3 h. In cotton pellet granuloma model Petroleum ether and methanolic extracts showed significant inhibition.

Key Words: Moringa oleifera, Anti-inflammatory, Carrageenan, cotton pellet

Probiotic Ameliorate Impaired Memory in Stressed Animal

B. A. Dodke — 2024-11-14

Worldwide, around 50 million people have dementia every year; there are nearly 10 million new cases. The total number of people with dementia is projected to reach 82 million in 2030 and 152 in 2050. Probiotics are live microbial food supplements with certain benefits for consumers and are thought to maintain or improve the intestinal microbial balance. In this study animals were divided in to five groups. Stress was induced in rats by restraining rat for 6 hrs daily for 28 days. Stress in animal was determined by using open field and hole board method. Memory and learning were studied using Elevated Plus maze and water maze apparatus. Results shown increase in stress in negative control rats when compared with normal control but when treated with probiotic alone and along with quercetin stress were reduced compared to negative control using open field and hole board method. Results shown decrease in memory in negative control rats when compared with normal control but when treated with probiotic alone and along with quercetin stress were improved compared to negative control using Elevated Plus maze and water maze apparatus. From this it can be concluded that probiotic alone and along with quercetin may good option for the treatment of stress and Alzheimer disease.

Keywords- Stress, Alzheimer disease, probiotic, quercetin, dementia

Pharmacovigilance of Herbal Drugs (Herbovigilance)

Aditya Kumar — 2024-11-14

Improved traditional medicine/phytomedicine formulations have gained a global acceptability and popularity as therapeutic agents for many diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa. Herbal products are generally considered as safe, environmentally friendly and increasingly consumed by the community without a prescription. There is a lack of systematic data on traditional medicine- associated adverse effects due to complex issues such as products with multiple ingredients, poor standardization, lack of clinical trials, variation in manufacturing processes, contamination, adulteration and misidentification of herbs. The aim of pharmacovigilance is to detect, assess, understand, and prevent the adverse effects or any other possible drug-related problems, related to herbal, traditional and complementary medicines. Pharmacovigilance for herbal medicines is in its infancy, and monitoring the safety of natural products presents unique challenges, and as such, preparations are available from a wide range of sources where limited qualified healthcare professionals are available. The ethico-legal issues and regulatory approval mechanism of herbal medicine vary from country to country. This paper also elucidates the level of challenges associated with herbal pharmacovigilance geared towards improving safety monitoring for herbal medicines in the future. The importance of herbal remedies in pharmacovigilance systems is becoming one of the primary tasks, due to the constantly ascending potential of herbal products and herbal medicines worldwide. Nowadays, the drug development is focused on finding new active compounds or combinations, but costs are simultaneously growing, which makes herbal medicines an attractive, harmless and cheaper alternative to synthetic drugs.

Like all drugs, herbal are not free of risk and many studies suggest for potential adverse reactions and interactions. Available statistics show that some herbal products, used in traditional medication for generations, may possess carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, cardiotoxic and other severe actions. Evaluation of the safety should include at least in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays, long-term rodent carcinogenicity tests (for drugs intended to be continuously used for >3 months or intermittently for >6 months), reproductive and developmental toxicity studies in some cases and examination of the effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes.

Drug safety of herbal medicines should be developed, focusing on specific groups of patients. Herbal formulations being widely accepted therapeutic agents as antidiabetics, antiarthritics, hepatoprotectives, cough remedies, memory enhancers, and adaptogens. The commonest myth regarding herbal medicines is that these medicines are completely safe, and can therefore be safely consumed by the patient on his/her own, without a physician's prescription. This belief has led to large-scale self-medication by people all over the world, often leading to disappointing end-results, side-effects, or unwanted after-effects. There is an increasing awareness at several levels of the need.

To Explore Cu-Catalyzed Oxidative Amidation of Cinnamic Acids / Arylacetic Acids with 2-Amines

Jasmin Haider Bagwan — 2024-11-14

When it comes to pharmaceutical components in particular, air-and moisture-sensitive organometallic species might be problematic due to their inherent contamination, functional group compatibility issues, and stringent reaction conditions. The method's synthetic value was further shown by conducting a gram scale reaction under standard circumstances using cinnamic acid and morpholine. This reaction yielded the intended product, 1-morpholino-2-phenylethane-1,2-dione (3a), in 51% yield. The reaction's viability was assessed by meticulously manipulating a model reaction involving isatin and (E)-3-(benzylamino)-3-(methylthio)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one, changing variables including catalyst, solvent, temperature, and molar concentration of the reactants. The results of the control tests, the products' isolation, and the current literature are used to construct a plausible mechanism.

Keywords: Cinnamic, Acids, Amines, Synthesis And Α-Ketoamides

To Design QBD (Quality-by-Design) Approach to Understand the Processing Factors Impact Melt-Extruded Solid Dispersions with an Instantaneous Release

Sandeep Ashokrao Wathore — 2024-11-14

Quality by Design (QbD) is a method for determining which patient-reported quality factors are most important, translating those factors into product attributes, and then determining how to consistently produce drug products with those attributes by varying key process parameters. For this purpose, it is necessary to identify sources of variability and create correlations between product features and factors pertaining to the formulation and manufacturing process, such as the properties of the medication ingredient and excipients, as well as process parameters. Using this information, a strong and adaptable manufacturing process is put into place, allowing it to consistently create high-quality products over time. Although hot-melt extrusion (HME) has been around for a while in the food and plastics industries, it wasn't until 1971 when El-Egakey et al. used it to pharmaceutical formulation. Different research organizations dug further into this method, honing it for use in the pharmaceutical industry.

Keywords: Quality by Design (QbD), pharmaceutical, organizations, extrusion, method.

In-Vivo Study of Phospholipid Assisted Nano-Suspensions of Efavirenz

Harsha Parihar — 2024-11-14

Nanosystemsaareaversatile

To Describe the Pyrazolone Bases, Including Chalcones and Schiff Bases

Abhishek Bhardwaj — 2024-11-14

The synthesis and characterization of heterocyclic molecules, particularly those containing nitrogen, have garnered significant attention due to their diverse biochemical activities and potential therapeutic applications. This research focuses on the development of novel nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds and the comprehensive evaluation of their biochemical activities The synthesized compounds were thoroughly characterized using a range of spectroscopic and analytical techniques, including NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. These techniques confirmed the structures and purity of the compounds, providing detailed insights into their molecular configurations.

Keywords: Pyrazolone, Bases, Chalcones, Compound and Schiff Bases

The Interactions between Heterocyclic Compounds and Target Proteins Involved with Cancer

Pankaj Kumar — 2024-11-14

Worldwide, cancer ranks as the second most lethal disease. The World Health Organisation predicts that by 2030, there will be 22 million new instances of cancer worldwide. Cancer prevention, diagnostic, and treatment procedures are the subject of extensive global research. The metabolic profile of cancer cells differs from that of normal cells due to epigenetic and genetic abnormalities. Many anti-cancer medications on the market include heterocycles as their primary structural component. Additionally, anticancer medications that were authorised by the FDA between 2010 and 2015 have heterocyclic rings in their structural makeup. Their massive cellular processes and mechanisms, together with their abundance in nature, explain why they are present in anti-cancer medications. This study sheds light on several heterocyclic compounds that have anticancer effect on various cell lines. These compounds have rings that contain nitrogen, sulphur, and oxygen. Collecting information on heterocyclic rings can pave the path for the discovery of novel compounds with cancer-fighting potential in the future.

Keywords: Heterocyclic compounds, Anticancer activity, Cell lines, Cytotoxicity, Natural product

Review of Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological Activity of Hippophae Rhamnoides Linn

Lokesh Kumar Saini — 2024-11-14

Hippophae rhamnoides L., commonly referred to as sea buckthorn, belongs to the family Elaeagnaceae. This deciduous shrub is native to the cold-temperate regions of Europe and Asia and is well recognized for its resilience in harsh climates. The plant has garnered significant attention due to its nutritional and medicinal potential, widely explored in traditionaland modern pharmacology. Hippophae rhamnoides exhibits notable adaptability and thrives in varied ecosystems, including mountainous regions, coastal areas, and semi-arid landscapes. The plant plays an ecological role in preventingsoil erosion, contributing to habitat restoration, and promoting biodiversity in challenging terrains. The genus Hippophae consists of multiple species, with H. rhamnoides being the most extensively studied. It falls within the Elaeagnaceaefamily, characterized by nitrogen-fixing capabilities via root nodules that engage in symbiosis with actinobacteria. H. rhamnoides L. contains a series of chemical compounds including carotenoids, tocopherols, sterols, flavonoids, lipids, ascorbic acid, tanins, etc. These compounds are of interest not only from the chemical point of view, but also because many of them possess biological and therapeutic activity including antioxidant, antitumoral, hepato-protective and immunumodulatory properties. Because of these effects, H. rhamnoides L. containing bioactive compounds is often used in traditional medicine. We can expect many scientific evidence supporting the benefits of the sea buckthorn to maintain health and to cure the diseases by rationalizing it in proper Ayurvedic dosages form for this plant.

Keywords- Hippophae rhamnoides, Pharmacognosy, Traditional medicine, Anti-Urolithiatic