International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science Archive

A Review of Alzheimer Disease

Pankaj Singh — 2024-05-30

Dementia that gradually affects brain cells is known as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Symptoms include a steady decline in cognitive abilities along with diminished ability to carry out ADLs and changes in behaviour. Dementia affecting the pre- and senile stages is most often caused by this condition. The World Health Organisation reports that among adults aged 60 and above, 6% of women and 5% of men suffer with Alzheimer's type dementia. Dementia, the clinical manifestation of Alzheimer disease (AD), usually starts with mild memory loss that isn't immediately noticeable but gradually becomes worse and finally makes a person unable to care for himself. Treatments like memantine, which targets late stages of the illness, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like rivastigmine, galantamine, and donepezil, have little influence on the condition overall. These medications slow the disease's course and alleviate symptoms, but they don't cure the condition completely. Although Alzheimer's disease is known for its neuropathological symptoms, the exact process is still poorly understood. The absence of effective treatments that may halt the development and progression of the illness is probably due to the fact that the pathogenic process is not well understood. New treatment targets should make it possible to approach the underlying illness process directly, thanks to significant development in pathophysiology in the previous few of years. Better disease management and lower healthcare expenses may be achieved by gaining a better understanding of the breadth of information around Alzheimer's disease. Some of the most significant new insights into and approaches to treating Alzheimer's disease are attempted to be highlighted in this article.

Keywords: Alzheimer, Management, Diagnosis, treatment..

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: A- Review

Nidhi Katiyar — 2024-05-30

A version of the normal phase chromatography technique, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has been in use since 1962. Since carbon dioxide is usually used as the mobile phase in SFC, it is necessary to pressurise the whole chromatographic flow route. The supercritical phase is a condition where the characteristics of liquids and gases converge, which is why supercritical fluid chromatography is also known as "convergence chromatography." One of the most significant column chromatography techniques, after gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is supercritical fluid chromatography. The desirable qualities of both gas and liquid states are brought together in supercritical fluids. Density, diffusivity, and viscosity are the defining characteristics of a supercritical fluid. In supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), a supercritical fluid carries the sample down a separating column, where it is separated into distinct bands according to the degree of interaction between the analytes and the stationary phase. Identities and amounts of these bands are determined by a detector when they exit the column. Because the mobile phase behaves as a liquid when it is below its critical temperature and above its critical pressure, the technique is called liquid chromatography (LC), and when it is above its critical temperature and below its critical pressure, the mobile phase acts as a gas, making SFC a hybrid of gas and liquid chromatography. The equipment needed for supercritical fluid chromatography is compatible with several detectors, making it very adaptable. The list of items that have found a use for SFC is long and varied, and includes things like natural goods, medications, foods, herbicides, surfactants, polymers, polymer additives, petroleum, explosives, and propellants.

Keywords: Critical pressure, critical temperature, supercritical fluid, diffusivity

Extraction and Quantification of Some Plants Extracts through HPTLC

Vibhor Sharma — 2024-05-31

A study of quantitative analysis of some extracts is presented. The HPTLC analyses were performed in a normal chromatographic chamber on silica gel plates, with an appropriate mobile phase. Photodensitometric evaluation of the chromatographic plates was performed by UV-visible absorbance. Quantitative analyses of extracts were performed by use of calibration curves. The quantity of compounds extracted depends on the composition of the extraction solvent and on the extraction technique. The best results were obtained by heating under reflux with systems that contained hydroalcoholic solvent.

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Passiflora foetida

Krishna Anand Putta — 2024-05-31

The present investigation encompasses phytochemical detection and its quantification using methanol as solvent from fresh leaves (FL) and shade dried leaves (SDL) of P. foetida. Furthermore, the work examines their hepatoprotective activity in murine system.

Keywords: Phytochemical screening, in vivo analysis, hepatoprotective, solvents extract.

Development of UV Spectrophotometric Methods for Multicomponent Formulation Containing Paracetamol and Lornoxicam

Vivek Singh Thakur — 2024-05-30

In present era, market is floated with various combinations dosage forms and the number is increased day by day. These multicomponent formulations are gaining interest due to greater patient acceptability, increased potency, multiple action, fewer side effects, and quicker relief. Therefore, it is desired that these formulations meet the entire standards related to their quality, safety, and efficacy. This can only be possible if different analytical techniques are available for their determination. Different UV spectrophotometric methods are used in simultaneous multicomponent analysis. Such methods are based on recording and mathematically processing absorption spectra. This review is mainly focused on simultaneous equation method, difference spectrophotometry, derivative spectrophotometry, absorbance ratio spectra, derivative ratio spectra, double divisor ratio spectra derivative method, successive ratio - derivative spectra, Q-absorbance ratio method, isosbestic point method, absorpitivity factor method, dual wavelength method, ratio subtraction method, mean centering of the ratio spectra, absorption factor method and multivariate methods. An overview of theories and some applications of these methods are presented.

KEYWORDS: Simultaneous estimation, UV determination, NSAID, Paracetamol, Lornoxicam

Formulates and Optimizes Fast Dissolving Film of Zopiclone.

Daulat Kumar — 2024-06-07

Background: Disturbed sleep can cause to many health problems such as cognitive impairment, depressed mood, and negative effects on cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune function. This study formulates and optimizes Fast Dissolving film of zopiclone.

Methods: Fast Dissolving film of zopiclone prepared by solvent casting method. Prepared zopiclone fast dissolving film was characterized by disintegration time, drug release, surface pH, tensile strength (TS), folding endurance and in vitro dissolution test. ZF15 film [(7.5) mg HPMCE 15, 40 (mg) Eudragit RL 100 , 30 (mg) PEG 40] were selected among formulation. A, B, and C are the amounts of HPMC E15, Eudragit RL 100, and polyethylene glycol, respectively were used as independent variables, their interactions, which quantify the effects on tensile strength (Y1), disintegration time (Y2), and cumulative percent of drug release after 10 minutes (Y3). Optimised zopiclone thin film undergoes 90 days of stability testing.

Results: The results indicated with a minimum thickness of 0.10 nm, maximum tensile strength of 56.73 gm, maximum folding endurance of 290, maximum drug uniformity of 99.13%, surface pH of 6.78, and minimum disintegration time of 27 seconds, formulation ZF15 demonstrated exceptional properties. Within a 10-minute period, ZF15 demonstrated the most amount of drug release. The optimal formulation was determined to be ZF15 based on its physico-chemical characteristics and the amount of medication released in vitro. disintegration time was in the range of 940 m. . All formulas exhibited acceptable uniformity content, surface pH, film thickness, and a good taste feeling.

Conclusion: Thus, employing a solvent casting method, a fast-dissolving thin film of zopiclone was created with effective taste masking and prompt in vitro drug release.

Keywords: Zopiclone , Fast dissolving oral film, HPMC E15, Eudragit RL100 , Solvent casting

Fast dissolving film: As advanced Venture for an Oral route Drug Delivery System

Arindam Chattrejee — 2024-06-07

Finding and perfecting novel compounds is a lengthy and resource-intensive process. This is why the healthcare sector is investing so much in the advancement of new methods of administering current medications. The rapid dissolving oral film is a kind of delivery technology that has seen increasing use in both young children and elderly people. Fast dissolving films have the potential for industrial use because of their advantages over fast disintegrating tablets. However, the lack of friability and the risk of choking are more likely to occur in paediatric and elderly patients, who may benefit from quick dissolving tablets. The oral film dosage form not only improves upon the strengths of existing quick disintegrating systems, but also responds to the needs of the market that have previously gone unfulfilled. The potential for further research of orally rapid- dissolving films, as well as their design and development, is emphasised in the current review.

Keywords: - Mouth Dissolving, Films, Super Disintegrants, Polymers, Plasticizers

Evaluation of Herbal Products for Antioxidant Activity Using Superoxide Dismutase

Vaishali Amit Adsare — 2024-06-11

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant enzyme that plays a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative stress by catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide radicals (O2•−) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). There are several methods to assay SOD activity, with the most common being the spectrophotometric method based on the inhibition of pyrogallol autoxidation. This research work was aimed to determine antioxidant potential of polyherbal formulation using superoxide dismutase.

Keywords: Herbs, polyherbal formulation, antioxidant activity, superoxide dismutase

An Analytical Technique for the Simultaneous Determination of Apigenin and Luteolin in Achillea magna using Liquid Chromatography–Mass spectrometry

Dipak Thange — 2024-06-07

The objective is to create a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach that is fast, precise, reliable, and effective. This method will be validated according to the requirements set by the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). The purpose of this method is to simultaneously measure the levels of apigenin and luteolin in Achillea magna. The chromatographic separation was accomplished using a C8 column with dimensions of 150 x 4.6mm i.d. and a 5µ Hibar Lichrospher. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile in a ratio of 20:80 v/v. The volumetric flow rate was 0.4 millilitres per minute. The apigenin and luteolin compounds exhibited retention times of 8.48 min and 8.01 min, respectively. Apigenin and luteolin demonstrated a linear relationship within the concentration range of 10-50 ng/ml. The technique was verified for criteria such as system appropriateness, specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. The suggested technique was effectively used to simultaneously estimate the elements in Achillea magna and build a quantitative approach for determining both apigenin and luteolin from Achillea magna.

KEYWORDS: LC-MS method, Achillea magna, simultaneous estimation, flavonoids, apigenin, luteolin.