A Review on Japanese Encephalitis

Abstract

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne viral disease primarily affecting rural and agricultural areas in Asia. It is caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a member of the Flavivirus family, and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, mainly of the Culex species. Despite significant advancements in understanding and controlling JE, it remains a major public health concern, with thousands of cases reported annually. This review provides a comprehensive overview of JE, covering its epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. The geographical distribution and incidence rates highlight the endemic regions and seasonal patterns of the disease. We discuss the transmission cycle, involving various hosts and vectors, and the intricate mechanisms of viral infection and host immune responses. Clinical manifestations of JE range from mild febrile illness to severe neurological complications, including encephalitis, which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Diagnostic approaches, including serological and molecular methods, are evaluated for their effectiveness in accurately identifying JE cases. Current treatment options are limited to supportive care, as there are no specific antiviral therapies available for JE. Prevention remains the cornerstone of JE control, with vaccination being the most effective measure. Various vaccines, their types, efficacy, and vaccination schedules are discussed, along with vector control strategies and public health measures to reduce the risk of JE transmission. Recent advances in JE research, including novel diagnostic techniques, therapeutic approaches, and emerging vaccines, are also explored. The review concludes by addressing the challenges in JE eradication, gaps in current knowledge, and future research directions needed to combat this persistent and debilitating disease. Through a detailed examination of the current state of JE, this review aims to inform and guide public health policies, research initiatives, and clinical practices to ultimately reduce the burden of Japanese encephalitis globally.
Keywords- Japanese Encephalitis, JE Virus, Encephalitis, Vaccination, Epidemiology, Vector Control